Sudden gum swelling usually indicates local inflammation. Depending on the cause it may last from a few hours to several days.
Most common causes
- Food debris trapped under the gum
- Gingivitis or periodontitis
- Abscess at the tooth root
- Erupting wisdom tooth (pericoronitis)
- Mechanical injury from a brush
- Thermal or chemical burn
Home first aid
- Rinse with warm salt water (1 tsp per glass)
- Chlorhexidine mouthwash (twice daily, max 5 days)
- Carefully remove food debris with floss
- Cold compress on the cheek (15 min on, 15 min off)
- Over-the-counter painkiller (ibuprofen) as directed
What NOT to do
- No warm compresses — they worsen inflammation
- Don't self-prescribe antibiotics
- Don't place aspirin directly on the gum
- Don't try to pierce or drain it yourself
When to see a dentist urgently
- Swelling lasts more than 2 days
- Spreading swelling to face or neck
- Fever above 38°C
- Difficulty swallowing or breathing
- Pus discharge from the gum
These may indicate an abscess or spreading infection — a visit within 24 hours is required.
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